Gambling involves risking money or other possessions on an activity with a random outcome. It has been an integral part of human culture throughout history, and is legal in most countries. However, many people experience harm from gambling. It can affect family and friends, work and studies, cause debt or even homelessness. It can lead to mental health issues and substance abuse, especially when started young. In addition, it can evoke a range of emotions and feelings that can lead to a vicious cycle of excessive gambling, often in a self-destructive way. The fifth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) has not yet included pathological gambling as an addiction, but research shows that it shares some characteristics with addictive substances and behaviors.
Most people who gamble do so responsibly and without any problems, but a small proportion of people develop problem gambling. It is estimated that around 2.5 million Americans have a gambling disorder. It is also thought that 5-8 million more have mild to moderate gambling problems. The prevalence of these disorders varies by population and age, with men being more at risk than women.
The risk of gambling-related problems increases with the number and intensity of bets placed, as well as with the amount of time spent playing games. People who are depressed or in financial trouble are at greater risk of developing a gambling problem, as are people with other psychiatric disorders. Those who have a family history of gambling or other forms of addictive behaviour are also at increased risk.
There are a variety of ways in which people can get involved with gambling, including online and offline. People may choose to bet on sports events, or play online casino games. They may use a VIP scheme to receive free or discounted items from their favourite casino, or they might advertise themselves as poker players. There are also numerous other gambling activities, such as buying lottery tickets, horse race betting and playing scratchcards.
People can find themselves drawn to gambling for a variety of reasons, from socializing with friends and family to escaping from boredom or isolation. Some are influenced by the media, which portrays gambling as fun, glamorous and exciting. It can also provide an escape from problems such as poverty, unemployment or depression. For some, it is an opportunity to try and win big money.
The easiest and most effective way to reduce gambling-related harm is through prevention. Universal pre-commitment systems that require people to set binding limits on how much money they spend and time they spend gambling, as well as self-exclusion from gambling providers, have the best uptake and results. They are also cost-effective, whereas voluntary systems have poor uptake and are unenforceable.
Those who are concerned about their gambling habits should seek support from friends, family and professionals. Helplines, such as the National Gambling Helpline, are available, and a number of states offer assistance to those with gambling disorder. Physical activity and socialization can also be helpful, as can getting support from gambling treatment programmes or peer groups such as Gamblers Anonymous.